Manage people, not personnel: motivation and performance appraisal. Vroom introduces the model and its concepts of Valence, Expectancy, and Force. Abstract: Vroom’s seminal book that introduces his Expectancy Theory cognitive model. Abstract: This is a very informative article on Expectancy Theory, its development and application. Journal of Management Issues, Summer 2001 (13) 2. Leadership and Motivation: The Effective Application of Expectancy Theory. Isaac, Robert G., Zerbe, Wilfred J., Pitt, Douglas C.It is also posted on the Yale School of Management website. Abstract: Vroom wrote an autobiography and it was included in this book. Bedeian (Ed.), (1993 )Management Laureates: A Collection of Autobiographical Essays. REFERENCES ~ Coding Spreadsheet - Web View Vroom’s Expectancy Theory has broad application to many areas of human motivation like education, survey response and even why people write blogs.Issues in Information Management, Volume VIII, No 2 Lui, Liao, Zeng (2007) WHY PEOPLE BLOG: An Expectancy Theory Analysis.The Measurement of Sales Force Motivation Revisited, ESSEC Business School What Motivates Students to Provide Feedback to Teachers About Teaching and Learning: An Expectancy Theory Perspective, International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, Vol. Online Journal of Workforce Education and Development, Volume II, Issue 4 Met Expectations Hypothesis: The use of Direct Measures to Develop Participant Surveys. Some articles that reference Vroom’s work to help support and explain very diverse human motivational actions. Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler extended Vroom’s Expectancy Theory to state that satisfaction is a result of performance. Through the research that I did, I found many references to Vroom’s work in the literary review sections of their research. Vroom’s Expectancy theory is one of the most widely accepted theories of motivation to explain how and why people make decisions. If only two or one of these are achieved, employees will not be motivated. Organizations looking to motivate employees need to ensure that all 3 of Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy must be high or positive. He restricted his examination to evidence based on objective observation. Vroom’s final decision concerned the sources of data considered. Leading to a focus on the preference among outcomes, individual expectations concerning their actions for attainment of these outcomes. The fourth decision was the assumption of the kinds of variables which would be useful in explaining these individual work behaviors. This meant he focused on the variables and processes which influenced work behavior. Vroom’s third decision was to focus on the explanation of individual behavior rather than its control. His second decision served to restrict the class of phenomena to work behaviors including occupational choice, job satisfaction and job performance. This fit well with Vroom’s training as a psychologist of focusing on a single person. He decided to restrict himself to problems of individual behavior. The result was his creation of the VIE Theory (Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy) or “expectancy theory” as published in Work and Motivation (Vroom 1964). Vroom took inspiration from this and worked on a general formulation of a theory dealing with the interaction of individual differences and situational variables. These cognitive elements are the expectations about the achievement of a goal and the value you place on achieving it.Victor Vroom’s doctoral dissertation "Some Personality Determinants of the Effects of Participation," dealt with the moderating effects of two personality variables- authoritarianism and need for independence on reaction to participation in decision making won a Ford Foundation award and was published as a book. Therefore, it’s a mainstream cognitivist theory.Ĭognitivism is a current of psychology that studies all the processes and elements that influence your knowledge, and therefore, indirectly, your behavior. More specifically, he studied achievement motivation and introduced cognitive elements in the analysis of goal-centered behavior.Ītkinson’s expectancy-value theory is based on cognitive elements. John William Atkinson (1923-2003) was an American psychologist and pioneer in the scientific study of motivation, performance, and behavior in humans. The cognitive perspective of Atkinson’s expectancy-value theory Within this perspective, along with other authors, is Atkinson’s expectancy-value theory. A classical perspective is one that considers that secondary motives function as a consequence of an impulse that generates a need, a need that arises from the individual themselves.